Humanities on a Burned Planet

Recently, I found myself thinking about Vincent van Gogh's The Mulberry Tree (1889) at the Norton Simon Museum of Art in Pasadena, California. It was one of Van Gogh's favorite paintings, but it was painted at a distinctly troubled time in a life full of troubles. Van Gogh had recently been committed to a mental hospital in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, trying to recover from the delirium that followed the famous incident in which he cut off his own ear. While undergoing treatment, he painted The Mulberry Tree along with other famous works such as The Starry Night and Suspens. He died by his own hand less than a year later, three weeks after writing a letter to his brother Theo reassuring him that "I still love art and life very much". He shot himself in a field where he was painting, but the wound was not immediately fatal and he was able to walk back to his room at the Auberge Ravoux. Van Gogh died the following evening. Theo, who rushed to his side, reported that his last words were la tristesse durera toujours ("sorrow will last forever").

The Mulberry Tree's vivid brushstrokes and impasto fascinate me. It draws the viewer into a textured, three-dimensional world, completely different from the studied, clean lines of classical painting. The gallery's object label goes so far as to describe it as "almost a low relief sculpture". The contrast between the bright, rocky hillside, the dark autumn colors of the tree and the dark blue sky gives the painting a special vitality and energy. It reminds me of the natural world - or rather, it evokes in me the feeling of the natural world. And although the landscape of Saint Rémy is not the landscape of my youth, in an almost Proustian way, I am transported back to the years I spent under the open sky working as a mountaineering guide before returning to graduate school.


I.

But on this particular midwinter day, I found myself uncomfortable and distracted, unable to connect to the painting or to familiar, concrete memories of the natural world. Two weeks earlier, Russian military forces had invaded Ukraine. The invasion was, of course, not a surprise. Putin's thinking, like all tyrants and bullies, was oderint dum metuant ("let them hate as long as they fear"). It was clear that he had aspirations for a "greater Russia" and that there was no one in the West who would stand up strongly enough to deter him. So it was not shock or surprise that distracted me on that midwinter day; rather, it was the growing awareness of the pain that consumes people like me as I wandered the aisles of the museum, idly contemplating post-impressionist painting. A landscape razed to the ground. A culture under siege. Civilians executed. Women under attack. Orphaned and displaced children. Meanwhile, my museum friends wandered in the cool shadows of the gallery, absorbed in Cézanne's Tulips in a Vase.

In the face of the horrors unfolding in Eastern Europe, how could anyone have the audacity to spend an afternoon daydreaming or aesthetic contemplation? Such trivial amusements seemed unfair, even horrible. The thought of returning to the university and spending the evening talking to my students about the narrative identity of James Joyce's The Dead also embarrassed me.

My thoughts were reminiscent of my banal graduate school days. Here, as I questioned the value of studying philosophy, I was reminded of my struggle to use my skills and energies (no matter how modest) to directly impact the world: feeding the hungry, providing shelter to the displaced, protecting the environment. Most academics write their papers primarily for other academics and publish them in journals that are often not even read by the academics for whom they are written. I would say that there is an onanistic quality to the endeavor, but the abstract, measured and unsentimental character of most academic writing is far removed from even the pleasures of onanism. A friend in Boston tried to reassure me by reminding me that the teaching life is its own kind of altruism, a "spiritual act of mercy" that, while not interchangeable with "corporal acts of mercy" like feeding the hungry or clothing the naked, is nevertheless a necessary and essential good in the world. But in the face of gross injustice, abject suffering or existential threat, it is hard not to question the value of dispassionate thought and imagination, poetry, art and the humanities more generally.


II.

I think my students, at least some of them, are asking themselves similar questions. The world we share is fraught with serious challenges; and there are countless potential existential crises patiently waiting their moment on the stage. We have just gone through a global pandemic unlike anything we have seen in a century; and the effects of COVID-19 are still destabilizing the world economy and reverberating through the lives of individuals. I remember back in early January 2020, when I told colleagues at my university who were still in denial about what was happening that "every single one of us will know someone who will die from this." Sadly, that turned out to be quite true. But in a way, we were lucky with COVID-19. Other zoonotic pathogens (those that can be transmitted from animals to humans) would have been incalculably worse. The infection mortality rate for COVID-19 seems to hover around 1-2%, but the mortality rate for MERS is 35%, for H5N1 flu 50-60%, and for Nipah 40-75%. Each of these viruses has been transmitted from animals to humans but has not yet - and I mean not yet - become contagious enough to cause a pandemic, which would be a disaster to rival the Plague of Justinian. War also remains a threat, as the invasion of Ukraine proves. The suffering people who horrified me in the gallery that afternoon were, just a few weeks before, living lives just like mine: pursuing personal and professional goals, visiting their museums, sipping coffee and wine, playing with their children, living, laughing, loving. Despite more people living free from violence than at any other time in human history, resurgent authoritarianism, bellicose rhetoric and alarming nuclear saber-rattling remind us that democracy, freedom, peace and stability are fragile achievements that are never won once and for all. Not all conflicts are planned or even the result of rational calculations; they can start unintentionally or accidentally and can easily spiral out of control, escalate and spread. And of course, against the background of these disturbing possibilities, a truly unprecedented existential threat is simmering, to which we are currently paying insufficient attention. Antropogenic (human-induced) climate change is cooking us slowly, but it's cooking us nonetheless, like the frog in the proverbial, albeit fictional, frog that doesn't jump out of the slow-heated pot.


III.

I repeat, who has time for Beowulf in a world like this?

In October 1939, C.S. Lewis preached a sermon called "Learning in Wartime" at St. Mary the Virgin church in Oxford. In early September of that year, the United Kingdom had declared war on Germany, and many of the students present that day were waiting to volunteer or be drafted. All the horrors of what was to come - the London Blitz, the slaughterhouse on the beaches of Normandy, the Holocaust, the camps - could not have been known at the time Lewis preached. Yet the enormity of what was to come was certainly present in the minds of every single person in the church that day. This was a country that, just twenty years earlier, had shed the blood of a generation in the "war to end war". Lewis himself was a veteran of the Battle of the Somme (1916). Now he and his fellow parishioners found themselves again facing the dark pit of the Götterdämmerung (Twilight of the Gods/Collapse), awaiting a catastrophe that, while alarmingly unpredictable, was increasingly recognized as inevitable, a feeling that Lewis's friend and fellow veteran of the Battle of the Somme, J.R.R. Tolkien, described as "the deep breath before the plunge."

Oxford students must have asked themselves how a well-built person with a good conscience could sit at a formal dinner at Magdalen College, chatting about Plotinus or Byron, and justify the shadow of Nazi Germany spreading across Europe and soon knocking on England's door. In the face of what was coming - the looming threat, the sacrifice required to deal with it, the possibility that despite that sacrifice all might be lost - how could one justify studying mathematics, composing music, looking through a telescope at distant galaxies, or reading poetry? We have cynical proverbs to describe such activities: playing the violin while Rome burns, polishing the brass at Titanic...


IV.

How can one devote oneself to 'peacetime pursuits' in the midst of war, epidemic or other catastrophe? Why start a project if you have no hope of finishing it? These are natural questions to ask when faced with crises such as the ones I have mentioned here; crises that demand and should demand our focused attention and efforts.

We say that the world is different now. A line has been crossed. It is new; we must act. George Floyd murdered by police in broad daylight! Mass graves full of innocents outside Mariupol! COVID-19 mutating! The Anthropocene is upon us!

All true, of course. But Lewis rightly observes that a crisis like war "certainly does not create a new situation; it only exacerbates the permanent human condition so that we can no longer ignore it" and adds: "Human life has always been lived on the edge of a precipice." If this is true of war, the same can be said of injustice, economic hardship, pandemics and many other crises. How many of the challenges that keep us awake at night are really new in a relevant sense here? Anyone who thinks the conflict in Ukraine or the COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented is suffering from a serious case of historical myopia. Were young people less anxious in 1916, waiting to be sent to Flanders? Or when hundreds of thousands were hit by the "Spanish" Flu? Were parents more optimistic in October 1962, as global nuclear war loomed?


V.

It is true that history is a lottery and none of us can choose where we enter the grand narrative of humanity. Wherever and whenever we are born, for better or worse, we have to play the cards we are dealt. Life is not fair; and in the long arc of history we find riches and poverty, famine and plenty, times of war and times of peace, times of plague and times of health. Yet every generation and every individual lives under the constant threat of extinction - literally, the threat of being "reduced to nothingness" - like the war that descended upon Lewis and his fellow parishioners, unknowable but certain.

But if every generation is dining under the sword of Damocles, perhaps it's not that 'wartime' is the wrong time for Beowulf, but that there has never been a 'time' for Beowulf. Perhaps we should focus on more pressing matters. Perhaps only when we address these concrete, existential challenges will we have earned the right and the time for art and literature. This is why, in the midst of the Revolutionary War, John Adams wrote to his wife Abigail:

"I must study Politics and War so that my sons may have the freedom to study Mathematics and Philosophy. My sons must study Mathematics and Philosophy, Geography, Natural History, Naval Architecture, Navigation, Commerce and Agriculture so that their children may have the right to study Painting, Poetry, Music, Architecture, Sculpture, Tapestry and Porcelain."


VI.

Bu görüşün belli bir mantığı olduğunu inkar etmek mümkün değil. Ev yanıyorken, piyanonun başına oturup gamları çalışacak zaman yoktur. Eh, evimiz Dünya yanıyor. Tam anlamıyla benim memleketim Kaliforniya'da, ama aynı şekilde, daha az belirgin olsa da, dünyanın her yerinde bu durum geçerli. Belki de insanlar resim, edebiyat, müzik ve felsefe gibi şeyleri, bu şeyleri pratik hale getiren veya en azından pratik olmamalarını zararsız hale getiren barışı, sağlığı ve istikrarı kazanana kadar ertelemelidir. Şimdi, argüman şu, kolları sıvayıp adaletsizliğe, yoksulluğa, hastalığa ve iklim değişikliğine karşı savaş açmanın zamanı geldi.

Ancak korkarım ki, kriz bitene kadar sanata, şiire, edebiyata veya felsefeye yönelmek standartımız olacaksa, bunlara asla zaman ayıramayacağız. Pax Romana sırasında bir Roma vatandaşının hayatı ile Cannae Muharebesi sonrasındaki bir Roma vatandaşının hayatı arasındaki farkı inkar etmek aptallık olsa da, her nesil ve her birey "beşeri bilimleri" önemsizleştiren stres ve tehditler altında yaşıyor. Lewis'in çağdaşı T.S. Eliot, koşulların gerçeği aramak veya hayatımızda anlam bulmak gibi görevler için her zaman elverişsiz olduğunu gözlemlemiştir. Bizi gerçeğin peşinde koşmaktan veya güzelliği takdir etmekten alıkoyacak acil bir endişe vardır ve her zaman olacaktır. Her zaman endişelenecek başka bir şey, ufukta beliren başka bir tehdit veya kriz olacaktır. Bu, Adams'ın ima ettiği gibi, tarihimizdeki belirli bir noktanın veya mevcut ahlaki ve toplumsal gelişimimizin başarısızlığının bir sonucu değildir; bu, insan olmanın koşuludur.

Yani, gerçeği istiyorsak, güzelliği istiyorsak, sanat, şiir, edebiyat ve felsefe istiyorsak, koşullar elverişsizken bunları şimdi aramaya karar vermeliyiz. Doğru zamanı beklersek, asla başlayamayız çünkü bu malları ihtiyaçtan rahatsız olmadan ve kayıptan tehdit görmeden takip edebileceğimiz kesinlikle güvenli bir liman, ütopik bir kale yoktur.

Bu, elbette, bizi alt etmekle tehdit eden veya başkalarını tehlikeye atan krizleri görmezden gelme izni değildir. Barış için çalışmak, yerinden edilmişleri barındırmak, hastaları iyileştirmek ve güvenlik oluşturmak, hayatı korumaya veya en azından uzatmaya yardımcı olan temel görevlerdir. Bu hedefleri takip etmeli ve bunlara ulaşmak için çok çalışmalıyız. Bunu asla unutmamalıyız. Ancak politikanın, ekonominin ve bilimin odak noktası olan bu pratik çabalar hayatı mümkün kılarken, gerçek, güzellik ve iyilik -ve bunları konu edinen sanat, şiir, edebiyat ve felsefe gibi "pratik olmayan" çabalar- hayatı ilk etapta değerli kılan şeydir. Güzelliğe, hayal gücüne, hayallere veya tefekküre zaman olmayan bir dünya -bu şeylere minnettarlık duymayan bir dünya- insanlık dışı bir dünya olurdu, yani yaşamaya değmeyen bir dünya. Güvenlik için savaşmaya olan bağlılığımız nedeniyle gerçek ve güzellikten vazgeçmek, savaş başlamadan yenilgiyi kabul etmek, onu güvence altına almak ve sonsuza dek korumak için beyhude bir arayışta insanlığımızdan vazgeçmektir.

Ve insanlar, en azından bazılarımız, bunu yapmaya isteksizdir. Fayda ile güzellik, ilerleme ile sanat arasındaki sahte seçimi reddediyorlar. Bu insanlar, C.S. Lewis'in de dediği gibi, "kuşatılmış şehirlerde matematiksel teoremler ileri sürüyor, mahkum hücrelerde metafizik tartışmalar yürütüyor, iskelelerde şakalar yapıyor, Quebec surlarına doğru ilerlerken son yeni şiiri tartışıyor ve Termopil'de saçlarını tarıyor. Bu gösteriş değil; doğamız bu."

Sorun, krizlerin - adaletsizlik, acı, ölüm, umutsuzluk - dikkatimizi çekip çekmemesi değil. Açıkça çekiyorlar. Sorun, daha ziyade, bu krizlerin tüm dikkatimizi çekip çekmediğidir. Şiir ve sanat bizi dünyayı iyileştirme çabasından muaf tutmaz; ancak dünyayı kurtarma veya iyileştirme ihtiyacı da bizi - bunun güçlü bir iddia olduğunu biliyorum - içindeki güzelliğe ve iyiliğe tanıklık etme görevimizden muaf tutmaz. E.B. White şöyle yazmıştır: "Dünya sadece baştan çıkarıcı olsaydı, bu kolay olurdu. Sadece zorlayıcı olsaydı, bu sorun olmazdı. Ama sabah kalktığımda dünyayı iyileştirme (veya kurtarma) arzusu ile dünyanın tadını çıkarma (veya tadını çeşitlendirmek) arzusu arasında kalmış bir şekilde uyanıyorum. Bu da günü planlamayı zorlaştırıyor.” Bu çok yerinde görünüyor. Ve günü planlamak zorsa, bir hayatı planlamak daha da zordur.

Hem dünyayı kurtarmaya hem de dünyanın tadını çıkarmaya çağrılıyoruz; ve iddia ediyorum ki, tanıklık ettiğimiz dünyanın tadını çıkararak ve başkalarına neden kurtarılmaya değer olduğunu hatırlatmaya yardımcı olarak ve belki de bunu yaparken sonuçta onu kurtarmaya küçük de olsa bir katkıda bulunuyoruz.

***

Dipnot: Bu yazı, Brian Treanor'ın "Humanities on a Burning Planet" başlıklı yazısından çevrilmiştir. Makale Philosopher’s Magazine dergisinde 28 Mart 2024 tarihinde yayımlanmıştır. Treanor, Loyola Marymount University’de Charles S. Casassa Chair ve Felsefe Profesörüdür. Yayınları arasında Melancholic Joy: On Life Worth Living (Bloomsbury 2021), Emplotting Virtue (SUNY 2014), ve Aspects of Alterity (Fordham 2006) bulunmaktadır.

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